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Gingival Enlargement (hyperplasia), also known as gum overgrowth, is a common dental condition in dogs where the gingiva (gum tissue) becomes excessively thickened, enlarged or swollen. This can lead to a variety of dental issues, including discomfort, difficulty eating and an increased risk of dental infections. Understanding the symptoms, causes and treatment options is crucial to keeping your dog’s oral health in check.
What is Gingival Enlargement?
Gingival enlargement refers to the abnormal overgrowth of the gum tissue around the teeth.
This excessive tissue can partially or completely cover the teeth, creating pockets where food and bacteria can accumulate, leading to bad breath, infections and even periodontal disease.
While this condition is generally not painful in its early stages, it can become uncomfortable as the tissue continues to grow, making it difficult for your dog to chew and maintain good oral hygiene.
Causes of Gingival Enlargement
- Genetics: Certain breeds, including Boxers, Bulldogs and Collies, are genetically predisposed and more likely to experience gingival enlargement.
- Medication Side Effects: Some medications, such as anti-seizure drugs (like phenytoin), calcium channel blockers and immunosuppressants, can cause gum tissue to grow excessively.
- Poor Oral Hygiene: Accumulation of plaque and tartar due to inadequate dental care can irritate the gums, leading to inflammation and overgrowth.
- Inflammation and Infection: Chronic inflammation from periodontal disease or other dental conditions can stimulate abnormal gum growth.
Symptoms of Gingival Enlargement
If your pet is suffering from gingival enlargement, you may notice certain symptoms such as:
- Enlarged Gums: The most noticeable symptom is the thickening and overgrowth of the gums, often covering the teeth partially or entirely.
- Bad Breath: Overgrown gums can trap food particles, leading to bacterial growth and foul-smelling breath.
- Bleeding Gums: The swollen gums may bleed easily, especially when touched or during brushing.
Diagnosis
We can diagnose gingival enlargement through a thorough oral examination. In some cases, dental X-rays may be necessary to assess the extent of the overgrowth and any underlying dental issues.
Treatment
Treatment options include:
- Surgical Removal: Gingivectomy, a surgical procedure to remove the excess gum tissue, is the most common treatment. It helps restore normal gum lines and prevents further complications.
- Regular Dental Care: Keeping your dog’s teeth clean through regular brushing and professional dental cleanings can help prevent the recurrence of gingival enlargement.
- Medication Adjustment: If the condition is medication-induced, your vet may adjust the dosage or prescribe alternative drugs.
- Add in biopsy: a biopsy of the abnormal tissue may be recommended on a case by case basis.
Prevention & Care
Preventing gingival enlargement involves maintaining good oral hygiene practices, such as regular brushing, dental check-ups and providing dental chews or toys to help clean your dog’s teeth. If your dog is on medication that could cause gum overgrowth, consult your veterinarian about any potential side effects.
